History of the Counseling Profession Practice Test

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• Approximately how many community-based mental health centers were established as a result of the Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963?
• Which work contributed to the shift toward humanistic, nondirective orientation in counseling?
• Which item was not among the 12 service categories added in 1975?
• Which of the following were cited as part of the Industrial Revolution's impact on counseling?
• Overall, what trend characterized the counseling profession from the 1960s through the 1990s?
• By 1910, how many cities had plans for the establishment of vocational guidance in their schools?
• What led to development of similar instruments in schools, business, and industry?
• Which organization became the American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD) in 1983?
• Which act, passed in 1958, allocated funds for training institutes to quickly graduate secondary school counselors?
• The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL94-142), enacted in 1975, guaranteed which right?
• IRCEP was created in 2009 by which organization to assist in approving international counseling programs and creating standards?
• Which statement about credentialing is accurate?
• Which 'new' implementations were introduced as part of the evolving field?
• Who is credited with developing the First Comprehensive Theory of Counseling, also known as the Minnesota point of view or trait and factor theory?
• Which factors contributed to the rise of multicultural counseling?
• Reality therapy identifies five basic needs that drive behavior; which of the following is NOT one of them?
• What is the title of Carl Rogers' second book in the 1950s that influenced the shift toward humanistic, nondirective orientation?
• By which year did the NACMHC offer national certification for mental health counselors?
• Which educator developed one of the first guidance curricula in Grand Rapids, Michigan, schools in 1907?
• In what year were the CACREP standards first published?
• Which organization organized the early 1900s child guidance clinics?
• ASCA's national model was approved in which year?
• In what year were Multicultural Counseling Competencies adopted by ACA?
• Which instrument, introduced in 1927, was one of the first major vocational interest inventories and remains widely used in revised form?
• In what year was the first job classification system developed, attributed to Sanchez de Arevalo?
• The Great Society era is characterized by expanding federal involvement in social programs. Which is a hallmark?
• Which federal law prohibits racial discrimination in voting in the United States?
• Which training area was infused into the counselor education curriculum in 2009?
• The Elementary and Secondary Education Act, passed in the late 1960s, aimed to promote improvement in which area?
• According to the material, knowledge of developmental tasks is primarily used to.
• The original name of the Association of Assessment and Research in Counseling (AARC) was which of the following?
• Which approach was NOT among the three popular approaches in the first half of the twentieth century?
• Multicultural counseling is best defined as which of the following?
• Which of the following is NOT a step in Williamson's trait and factor theory?
• Which statement best describes globalization in counseling?
• Ethical standards of practice are best described as
• APGA stood for which organization before being renamed AACD?
• What term describes moving a professional license between states?
• AAMFT formed in 1945 is primarily associated with which field?
• Vocational counseling, as part of the counseling landscape, was expected to have what kind of impact on the field?
• Who authored Mirror of Men's Lives, which is credited as the first job classification system?
• In 1991, which organization adopted Multicultural Counseling Competencies?
• Army Alpha was used for literate recruits in 1917 to determine placement.
• A core idea of developmental theories in counseling is which statement?
• The 20/20 Standards are described as a new vision for counseling. In which year did they become part of the CACREP framework?
• Which shift in mental health service delivery occurred as a result of 1960s federal policy?
• The Community Mental Health Centers Act, passed in 1963, primarily provided federal funds to create what?
• Who, in 1932, proposed that guidance should be viewed in a total educational context?
• Which theorist is closely associated with the concept of modeling and the social learning perspective?
• Developmental theories in this decade were promoted in which areas to depathologize individuals?
• Which organization began organizing the first child guidance clinics?
• The client-centered approach represented a major shift away from which earlier dominant model?
• Who developed vocational guidance in New York City schools in 1906?
• As clinics spread, what became evident?
• The Civil Rights Act of the 1960s primarily prohibited discrimination on which grounds?
• Which pairing accurately reflects a year and its associated development?
• Which service category includes day treatment in the 1975 expansion?
• What is the current name of ACA's founding division that disaffiliated in 1992?
• What is the modern equivalent designation for the NACMHC credential?
• Who developed what is considered the first comprehensive theory of counseling, known as the Minnesota Point of View?
• Counseling Association for Humanistic Education and Development is now known as what?
• Which event occurred most recently among the listed CACREP milestones?
• What trend occurred in credentials during the 1980s and 1990s?
• Guidance counselors in John Brewer's concept are now known as what in modern schools?
• APGA served as a forerunner to which major professional organization?
• Technology and online counseling refer to which of the following?
• Which of the following is a core component of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy's approach to beliefs?
• Which organization offered national certification for mental health counselors in 1979?
• Gestalt Therapy was developed by which theorist?
• Clifford Beers, a Yale graduate, wrote which work that highlighted deplorable mental hospital conditions?
• Which focus related to advocacy emerged in ACA's competencies in the early 2000s?
• The Minnesota Point of View is best described as which of the following?
• The ASGW is the ACA division dedicated to which area?
• In 2002, which competencies were adopted by ACA?
• Who developed a nondirective approach to counseling in the 1940s?
• Army Beta was used in 1917 for illiterate recruits.
• Which organization was founded in 1981 to establish accreditation standards for counseling programs?
• What prompted the movement toward a broader approach to vocational guidance in schools?
• Begun in the 1970s, the teaching of _____ skills, based on the skills deemed critical by Carl Rogers and other humanistic counselors, became popular.
• The Strong Interest Inventory is primarily used for what purpose?
• Lifespan development is described as models that stress what?
• Which of the following was NOT listed among the 12 categories added in 1975?
• The Minnesota Point of View is another name for which counseling theory?
• The AMCD focuses on which of the following areas?
• The 1994 IAMFC certification was for which field?
• Which author is known for seminal works in cross-cultural counseling?
• Which organization is principally responsible for accrediting counseling programs and related educational programs?
• What developments in the 1950s affected counseling within educational settings?
• Which ongoing factors are noted as influencing counseling along with changes in health care?
• Why did clinicians develop new, shorter-term approaches?
• Rational Emotive Therapy, a foundational cognitive-behavioral approach, was developed by which individual?
• Which early figure is commonly linked with the rise of guidance as a professional field in America?
• Which 1908 figure advocated humane treatment of the mentally ill and wrote A Mind That Found Itself?
• Which organization created the International Registry of Counselor Education Programs (IRCEP)?
• By mid-20th century, tests to measure which domains were commonplace?
• During the 1950s, the counseling profession shifted toward which orientation?
• National credentialing first became a reality in 1973 when certification was offered by which organization?
• In the early 1900s, which book did Beers write that helped to spark reform in mental health care?
• What policy initiative is associated with expanding social services during the 1960s in the United States?
• Which topic was identified as a cutting-edge issue in the first decade of the 2000s?
• The Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW) is a division of which organization?
• NASW is known for its founding in 1955 as a merger of seven associations. Which discipline does NASW primarily represent?
• The first part of the twentieth century saw the beginnings of which movement in America?
• Who developed one of the first guidance curricula in Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1907?
• Clifford Beers helped establish which organization focused on mental hygiene?
• APGA stands for what and what is its relation to ACA?
• Which ACA division is dedicated to advocacy and social justice?
• The 1963 act that funded nationwide mental health centers is named what?
• Which training approach suggests basic counseling skills can be learned quickly and improve outcomes?
• Which ACA division is described as one of its founding divisions and disaffiliated in 1992?
• Counselors expanded into nontraditional settings beyond schools and clinics. Which statement is true?
• The American Personnel and Guidance Association formed in 1952 as the forerunner of which modern professional association?
• Where did these tests spread beyond vocational counseling?
• What term describes the globalization of counseling as countries develop programs, adopt their own counseling styles, and adjust credentialing processes?
• The Wagner O'Day Act established which service?
• In the 1970s, microcounseling skills training was developed with contributions from which group of individuals?
• As of 2010, all 50 states in the United States offer licensing of professional counselors. Which state was the last to join?
• Which organization offered the first credentialing for counselors in 1973?
• The Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 funded centers to provide which services?
• Which organization was officially formed in 1945?
• Which credential is the most rigorous and typically set by the state?
• The expansion and diversification of the counseling profession in the 1960s was largely the result of which factor?
• When was the last revision of the ACA Code of Ethics?
• What do developmental theories emphasize regarding tasks and life stages in counseling?
• The master's degree in counseling originated as a degree in which field?
• The Military and Government Counseling Association (MCGA) primarily focuses on which areas?
• In what year was the National Vocational Guidance Association formed?
• Williamson's trait and factor theory grew out of the ideas of which early counseling pioneer?
• Which sequence correctly lists the five steps of Williamson's trait and factor theory?
• Which organization accredits master's programs in counseling?
• Who suggested that guidance be seen in a total educational context in 1932?
• President Lyndon Johnson's _____ established social services agencies throughout the United States.
• In what year was the Education for All Handicapped Children Act enacted?
• Electroconvulsive therapy is best described as which treatment?
• Which federal act of 1963 provided for the establishment of community mental health centers nationwide?
• The 20/20 Standards are described as what?
• What trend increased the need for psychological assistants with bachelor's or master's degrees?
• As expansion occurred, what professional development emerged in the field?
• The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 provided vocational rehabilitation services and counseling for which group?
• Viktor Frankl is best described as a founder of which therapy?
• ACES is a division of ACA focused on which group?
• Which counseling approach involves investigating how a client is influenced and changed through interactions with others and was developed by Eric Berne?
• From 2000 to present, ACA experienced what trend regarding its divisions?
• CACREP's 2009 standards made which area of training mandatory for counselors?
• What is a current key function of vocational rehabilitation centers?
• The work Mirror of Men's Lives is associated with which concept in the history of guidance?
• The Strong Interest Inventory, introduced in 1927, is one of the first to assist in which area?
• Which credential typically provides protection of a professional title but does not define the scope of practice?
• Who is considered the founder of vocational guidance and developed the first comprehensive approach?
• IRCEP's creation in 2009 was attributed to which organization?
• In 1975 Congress expanded the original act and extended the service categories from 5 to how many?
• What is a shared feature of psychodynamic approaches?
• Which milestone signifies ACA's governance changes in the 2000s?
• In 1992, which organization renamed itself as the American Counseling Association?
• Which term describes theories that emphasize that clients require guidance from counselors to make changes in their lives?
• Carl Rogers is best known for promoting which counseling orientation?
• In 2003, ACA adopted which focus within competencies?
• Which trend characterized the counseling field in the 1990s?
• The expansion of need for counselors is linked to which U.S. policy initiatives?
• The Minnesota Point of View in counseling is also known as which theory?
• NASW was founded in 1955 from a merger of how many associations?
• College counseling centers, in line with the era, adopted which approach to working with students?
• Which general category do Army Alpha and Army Beta illustrate as 1917 testing?
• The National Vocational Guidance Association formed in 1913 is considered a distant forerunner of which organization?
• In 1908, Anna Reed established vocational guidance in which school system?
• In what year was the Community Mental Health Centers Act enacted?
• In what year were the New CACREP Standards introduced?
• IRCEP's purpose includes approving international counseling programs and what else?
• Association for Humanistic Counseling [AHC] is a division of ACA for whom?
• Child guidance clinics were organized in the early 1900s by which organization to improve services for children and their families?
• When was the new Ethical Code adopted?
• The Rochester Guidance Center, one of the earliest clinics where Carl Rogers worked, is located in which city?
• Which of the following was included as a service category after the 1975 expansion?
• In reality therapy, the counselor's primary task is to help the client do what?
• Client-centered theories were developed by which psychologist?
• In the trait and factor approach, what is the first step?
• In 1991, which organization proposed and adopted Multicultural Competencies to guide multicultural training?
• In which year did CACREP introduce new standards signaling a major update to the framework?
• The Great Society Initiatives of the 1960s led to the development of social service agencies nationwide under which president?
• What characterized the 1980s and 1990s in terms of professionalism within the counseling field?
• The release of many people from state hospitals to community agencies was enabled by which combination of developments?
• Microcounseling skills training is best described as
• What is the relationship between Williamson and Darley and the trait and factor approach?
• Who developed the rational emotive (cognitive) approach that emerged in the late 1950s and 1960s?
• Which figure is associated with the early development of vocational guidance in the Seattle school system?
• Which three focal areas did psychiatry's influence on treatment emphasize?
• What did the vocational guidance movement become a major focus on in the early 1900s?
• The Certified Family Therapist (CFT) credential is developed by which organization and is open to which professionals?
• Who was among the first to apply classical conditioning concepts to clinical settings?
• The influence of the humanistic movement in the 1970s contributed to the development of what in counseling?
• The push for licensure portability began in which year?
• The 1990s also saw an increased emphasis on which area?
• Which organization currently certifies the CCMHC credential, inheriting the NACMHC certification?
• Early vocational guidance reformers were motivated by moralistic thinking and theories such as which concept?
• Which act in 1973 ensured access to vocational rehabilitation services for adults and increased the need for trained rehabilitation counselors?
• The American Association for Developmental and Aging (AADA) division is focused on development with which group?
• What does Ethics refer to in professional counseling?
• What was probably one of the greatest changes in the field during the 1980s and 1990s?
• Who is widely regarded as the founder of vocational guidance and a founder of the counseling field?
• Which author is associated with seminal publications in cross-cultural counseling during the 1980s?
• Psychodynamic approaches include which therapies?
• The term 'child development' refers to theories that emphasize what?
• Division 17 of the American Psychological Association formally became part of APA in which decade?
• In which year was the International Registry of Counselor Education Programs (IRCEP) created by CACREP?
• Which event occurred first among the listed CACREP milestones?
• The Rochester Guidance Center is located in which region of the United States?
• How is vocational guidance defined?
• Cross-cultural counseling emphasizes the ability and readiness of a counselor to understand which of the following?
• In the 1980s and 1990s, counselors expanded into which settings?
• Woodworth's Personal Data Sheet was an early military instrument used to screen out what?
• Which individual established guidance services in the Seattle school system in the late 1800s, influencing plans for vocational guidance in about 1910 for 35 cities?
• Which two authors are identified as seminal figures in cross-cultural counseling according to the source material?
• The 1990s also saw an increased emphasis on ethics in counseling. Which decade is being described?
• In 1907, who developed one of the first guidance curricula focusing on moral and vocational guidance?
• The term Great Society refers to what?
• AACE stands for which organization?
• In 1961, which organization developed the first guidelines for ethical behavior?
• Albert Bandura is best known for which concept?
• Which field includes seminal works published in cross-cultural counseling by Donald Atkinson, William Cross, Paul Pedersen, and Derald Sue?
• In rational emotive behavior therapy, which sequence explains how an activating event leads to beliefs and then to consequences?
• The Army Alpha test, introduced in 1917, is best known for what?
• The Education of All Handicapped Children Act is associated with which public law number?
• Vocational rehabilitation centers in the 1950s and today describe what?
• The Strong Vocational Interest Blank, first issued in 1927, is still widely used today in revised form. True or False?
• In the trait and factor approach, which step involves summarizing and organizing information to understand the problem?
• Which three trends were rising during that era and contributed to the counseling profession's development?
• The vocational guidance movement helped set the stage for the establishment of which profession in the early 20th century?
• College counseling centers were generally staffed by which professionals?
• Which therapy emphasizes unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence as core conditions for change?
• Early 20th-century pioneers in vocational guidance and guidance curricula include which pair?
• The seminal cross-cultural works mentioned in the material were published in which decade?
• Child development theories focus on which concept?
• The Woodworth Personal Data Sheet is described as one of the first what?
• APGA stands for which organization?
• Which statement best describes the primary aim of early vocational guidance as practiced in the period described?
• The legislative actions of the 1970s led to diversification of the counseling field into which specialty areas?
• Also from 2000 to present, which practice focus was emphasized?
• John Krumboltz is recognized for integrating behavioral ideas into which counseling domain?
• In 1994, which organization began offering national certification as Certified Family Therapists?
• Which organization was formerly referred to as APGA and is currently known as ACA?
• In 1927, the use of tests to assist in vocational counseling was promoted by the development of one of the first major inventories, the ____.
• What does NBCC stand for?
• Which term best describes directive theories within counseling?
• The discovery of antipsychotic, antidepressant, and antianxiety medications and electroconvulsive therapy enabled the release of large numbers of people from state hospitals to local community agencies. This statement describes which development?
• The Economic Opportunity Act was part of which broad policy emphasis in the 1960s?
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a mental health disorder induced by exposure to a traumatic event. Which of the following is a typical symptom?
• MCGA is a division of which professional association?
• Which milestone occurred earliest among the listed items?
• During the Industrial Revolution era, which therapeutic approach was described as being in vogue?
• During this decade, counselors increasingly staffed vocational rehabilitation centers to address needs of individuals who had been seriously injured during which conflict?
• Which field primarily uses the Strong Vocational Interest Blank as a tool for assessment?
• Which organization's Code of Ethics guides the ethical practice of counselors?
• In which city did Jesse Davis develop one of the first guidance curricula?
• What does the 'Follow-up' step in the trait and factor approach emphasize?
• The National Committee for Mental Hygiene lobbied Congress to pass laws to do what?
• Who is viewed as the founder of guidance in America and was greatly influenced by the social reform movements of the time?
• Derald Sue is widely recognized as a seminal author in which area?
• From 2000 to present, what happened to credentialing across states?
• Which book by Frank Parsons helped establish vocational guidance in schools?
• Which statement best characterizes behavioral approaches?
• Which statement best captures the relationship between cross-cultural counseling and cultural identity?
• Who authored the booklet Choosing a Career and is considered an early vocational guidance advocate?
• The Strong Vocational Interest Blank is best described as which of the following?
• Which milestone is associated with the year 2002?
• Which counseling approach emphasizes trusting the client's ability to develop strategies for change and is usually credited to Carl Rogers?
• Which title corresponds to the publication widely credited as introducing the first job classification system?
• The Manpower Development and Training Act was designed to create opportunities for which groups?
• Which profession was described as the first to embrace a systematic psychotherapeutic approach?
• The Certified Family Therapist credential is sponsored by which organization?
• The Manpower Development and Training Act and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act contributed to increased job opportunities for counselors. Which best summarizes this impact?
• When was DSM-5 published?
• The 1932 Wagner O'Day Act established which service?
• John Brewer's broader view included which functions?
• _____ initially worked from a psychodynamic perspective, but later revolutionized the practice of counseling with his client-centered approach.
• Paul Pedersen is known for seminal works on cross-cultural counseling in which area?
• The rise of social reform movements, the impact of the Industrial Revolution, and immigration led to a large-scale need for which field?
• At the end of the nineteenth century, dramatic shifts in the United States were partially responsible for the development of which movement and stage for counseling?
• Pair the person with their contribution: which statement is correct?
• Who is associated with the development of rational emotive therapy?
• What issue is described regarding license portability for licensed counselors?
• Which Supreme Court decision led to deinstitutionalization of mental hospital patients?
• The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958 primarily funded training for and expansion of which professionals?
• Which president is most closely associated with launching the Great Society programs?
• Head Start is a federally funded program started in the 1970s that provides what to disadvantaged preschool children?
• Which statement best describes certification in professional credentialing?
• What does NACMHC stand for?
• What was the Vocational Bureau, established by Frank Parsons, designed to do?
• CACREP accredits master's programs in which of the following areas?
• Which profession was not listed among the staff of the first child guidance clinics?
• Which figure is associated with directive theories in the early history of counseling?
• Which three counseling approaches were particularly popular in the first half of the twentieth century?
• Which state became the first to offer licensing for counselors, and in what year?
• Which act passed in 1975 provided access to education within the least restrictive environments?
• Which of the following is associated with the trait and factor approach to counseling?
• Rollo May is known as a key existential theorist contributing to counseling in which decades?
• Which two authors are cited as seminal figures in cross-cultural counseling?
• Vocational guidance was described as being here to stay and would influence which aspect of counseling?
• The Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) is a division of which organization?
• In 1982, which body began offering generic certification for counselors?